{"id":3712,"date":"2016-06-06T09:35:45","date_gmt":"2016-06-06T09:35:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/?post_type=portfolio&#038;p=3712"},"modified":"2016-06-13T18:13:24","modified_gmt":"2016-06-13T15:13:24","slug":"consideratii-privind-marirea-preciziei-de-calcul-pentru-transformarile-care-stau-la-baza-aprecierii-performantelor-cazanelor-si-turbinelor-cu-abur","status":"publish","type":"portfolio","link":"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/index.php\/portfolio-item\/consideratii-privind-marirea-preciziei-de-calcul-pentru-transformarile-care-stau-la-baza-aprecierii-performantelor-cazanelor-si-turbinelor-cu-abur\/","title":{"rendered":"Considera\u0163ii privind m\u0103rirea preciziei de calcul pentru transform\u0103rile care stau la baza aprecierii performan\u0163elor cazanelor \u015fi turbinelor cu abur"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_section-541a21edc89c4228c055bf0ea5d58e9e\">\n.avia-section.av-av_section-541a21edc89c4228c055bf0ea5d58e9e{\nbackground-color:#303030;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-av_section-541a21edc89c4228c055bf0ea5d58e9e main_color avia-section-default avia-no-shadow  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_section  avia-builder-el-first  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-3712'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-0366cc7376be6c9e82a3e9cc8987b64f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">CONSIDERA\u0162II PRIVIND M\u0102RIREA PRECIZIEI DE CALCUL PENTRU TRANSFORM\u0102RILE CARE STAU LA BAZA APRECIERII PERFORMAN\u0162ELOR CAZANELOR \u015eI TURBINELOR CU ABUR<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/main><!-- close content main element --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_2'  class='avia-section av-av_section-915b33fd1d6006bfc684ade488387eaf main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-3712'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-cb4b7c5f3927f27712bb34aae8b39a9e\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-cb4b7c5f3927f27712bb34aae8b39a9e{\npadding-bottom:20px;\ncolor:#020202;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-cb4b7c5f3927f27712bb34aae8b39a9e .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-cb4b7c5f3927f27712bb34aae8b39a9e .special-heading-inner-border{\nborder-color:#020202;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-cb4b7c5f3927f27712bb34aae8b39a9e .av-subheading{\nfont-size:16px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-cb4b7c5f3927f27712bb34aae8b39a9e av-special-heading-h2 custom-color-heading blockquote modern-quote modern-centered  avia-builder-el-3  el_before_av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-first '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >1. Introducere<\/h2><div class='av_custom_color av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>Pentru a realiza o exploatare eficient\u0103 a centralelor termoelectrice &#8211; cu randamente mari \u015fi consumuri minime (\u015fi, implicit, cu costuri minime) &#8211; este necesar\u0103 cunoa\u015fterea parametrilor de func\u0163ionre \u00een fiecare moment. Unele m\u0103rimi (presiuni, temperaturi, debite) se ob\u0163in prin simpla lor m\u0103surare, celelalte (c\u0103lduri, puteri, randamente) trebuind s\u0103 fie determinate prin calcul. Aici apare problema calit\u0103\u0163ii modelului matematic utilizat. Cu c\u00e2t rezultatele calculelor se apropie mai mult de fenomenele reale pe care le simuleaz\u0103, cu at\u00e2t mai mult deciziile luate sunt cele corecte \u015fi conduc la o exploatare eficient\u0103.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_one_fourth-9497bbf8bff73ea4c6992cc17fa9ec36\">\n.flex_column.av-av_one_fourth-9497bbf8bff73ea4c6992cc17fa9ec36{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-av_one_fourth-9497bbf8bff73ea4c6992cc17fa9ec36 av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_one_half-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae\">\n.flex_column.av-av_one_half-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-av_one_half-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae av_one_half  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_one_fourth  el_before_av_one_fourth  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><div  class='avia-button-wrap av-av_button-c1d9fcb89ae298be263410ca2dc5f2e3-wrap avia-button-center  avia-builder-el-6  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_button-c1d9fcb89ae298be263410ca2dc5f2e3\">\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-av_button-c1d9fcb89ae298be263410ca2dc5f2e3{\nbackground-color:#ed3636;\nborder-color:#ed3636;\ncolor:#ffffff;\ntransition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-av_button-c1d9fcb89ae298be263410ca2dc5f2e3 .avia-svg-icon svg:first-child{\nfill:#ffffff;\nstroke:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<a href='http:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Considera\u0163ii-privind-m\u0103rirea-preciziei-de-calcul-pentru-transform\u0103rile-care-stau-la-baza-aprecierii-performan\u0163elor-cazanelor-\u015fi-turbinelor-cu-abur.pdf'  class='avia-button av-av_button-c1d9fcb89ae298be263410ca2dc5f2e3 av-link-btn avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-large avia-position-center av-icon-on-hover'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"  aria-label=\"DESC\u0102RCARE ARTICOL\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue812' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >DESC\u0102RCARE ARTICOL<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_one_fourth-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae\">\n.flex_column.av-av_one_fourth-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-av_one_fourth-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_3'  class='avia-section av-av_section-d18d8c2c81d10022ebd21ffa95322c35 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-shadow  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_two_third  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-3712'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" 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data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_image-3fd1ebce364fcdad784f8401725785e6\">\n.avia-image-container.av-av_image-3fd1ebce364fcdad784f8401725785e6 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-av_image-3fd1ebce364fcdad784f8401725785e6 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-av_image-3fd1ebce364fcdad784f8401725785e6 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-12  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-3713 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3713 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/5-1.gif\" alt='' title='5-1'  height=\"289\" width=\"280\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_two_third-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae\">\n.flex_column.av-av_two_third-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-av_two_third-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae av_two_third  avia-builder-el-13  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_two_third  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-b339af5f7d51e1ad4a42eeac657d1652\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-b339af5f7d51e1ad4a42eeac657d1652{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-b339af5f7d51e1ad4a42eeac657d1652 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-b339af5f7d51e1ad4a42eeac657d1652 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-b339af5f7d51e1ad4a42eeac657d1652 av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-14  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >2. Analiza transform\u0103rilor termodinamice ale ciclului Rankine<\/h2><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>Pentru exemplificarea modelului propus s-a luat \u00een considerare un grup compus dintr-un cazan de tip Tlmace de 525 t\/h \u015fi o turbin\u0103 Skoda de 125 MW. Acest grup este prev\u0103zut cu circuit regenerativ al turbinei \u015fi re\u00eenc\u0103lzire intermediar\u0103 a aburului. Schema transform\u0103rilor termodinamice este prezentat\u0103 \u00een figura 1. Din circuitul regenerativ s-a figurat numai evolu\u0163ia aburului extras la priza notat\u0103 generic cu &#8222;j&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Cu excep\u0163ia proceselor din turbin\u0103 \u015fi pomp\u0103 (considerate adiabat-ireversibile), toate celelalte evolu\u0163ii au loc datorit\u0103 unui proces de transfer de caldur\u0103. Noutatea acestui model const\u0103 \u00een aceea c\u0103 se consider\u0103 &#8211; pentru fiecare proces \u00een parte &#8211; diferen\u0163a finit\u0103 de temperatur\u0103 la care se produce fenomenul.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_two_third-9497bbf8bff73ea4c6992cc17fa9ec36\">\n.flex_column.av-av_two_third-9497bbf8bff73ea4c6992cc17fa9ec36{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-av_two_third-9497bbf8bff73ea4c6992cc17fa9ec36 av_two_third  avia-builder-el-15  el_after_av_two_third  el_before_av_one_third  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_one_third-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae\">\n.flex_column.av-av_one_third-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-av_one_third-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae av_one_third  avia-builder-el-17  el_after_av_two_third  el_before_av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_image-c6612b232a5f7b8de48837dbc4ccc9df\">\n.avia-image-container.av-av_image-c6612b232a5f7b8de48837dbc4ccc9df img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-av_image-c6612b232a5f7b8de48837dbc4ccc9df .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-av_image-c6612b232a5f7b8de48837dbc4ccc9df av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-18  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-3716 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3716 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/5-2.gif\" alt='' title='5-2'  height=\"337\" width=\"290\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_one_full-9497bbf8bff73ea4c6992cc17fa9ec36\">\n.flex_column.av-av_one_full-9497bbf8bff73ea4c6992cc17fa9ec36{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-av_one_full-9497bbf8bff73ea4c6992cc17fa9ec36 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-19  el_after_av_one_third  avia-builder-el-last  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_textblock-3326d3317592321e340dbe8477480288\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-av_textblock-3326d3317592321e340dbe8477480288 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-3326d3317592321e340dbe8477480288 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Pentru un segment elementar &#8222;i&#8221; de lungime ds temperaturile gazelor arse sunt Tgi-1 \u015fi Tgi \u015fi temperaturile aburului Tabi-1, respectiv Tabi. Cu aceste nota\u0163ii, schimbul de cadur\u0103 se poate defini astfel:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-3.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00een care temperaturile medii ale gazelor Tgm \u015fi respectiv ale aburului Tabm sunt:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-4.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-5.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Cu Kgv s-a notat coeficientul global de schimb de caldur\u0103 (indicii au urm\u0103toarea semnifica\u0163ie: v &#8211; vaporizator, s1 &#8211; supra\u00eenc\u0103lzitorul principal, s2 &#8211; supra\u00eenc\u0103lzitorul intermediar, j &#8211; schimb\u0103torul regenerativ &#8222;j&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Schimbul de c\u0103ldur\u0103 se refer\u0103 numai la un anumit segment notat cu &#8222;i&#8221;, fizic corespunz\u0103tor pe cazan unei zone \u00een care evolu\u0163ia temperaturii gazelor \u015fi aburului este similar\u0103 cu cea definit\u0103 mai sus. Problema o constituie modul \u00een care se define\u015fte elementul de arie de schimb de c\u0103ldur\u0103. Pentru aceasta s-a considerat, ca exemplu, c\u0103 din suprafa\u0163a total\u0103 de schimb de c\u0103ldur\u0103 a vaporizatorului corespunde o arie pentru segmentul &#8222;i&#8221; egal\u0103 cu:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-6.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">unde nv este num\u0103rul de intervale \u00een care s-a \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it procesul de vaporizare &#8222;a-c-d&#8221; (figura 1) \u015fi Av &#8211; suprafa\u0163a de schimb de c\u0103ldur\u0103 a vaporizatorului.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Analog s-a procedat pentru supra\u00eenc\u0103lzitoare.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">C\u0103ldura preluat\u0103 de abur pe segmentul &#8222;i&#8221; este:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-7.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Varia\u0163ia de entropie a gazelor arse pe segmentul &#8222;i&#8221; rezult\u0103 din formula:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-8.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Varia\u0163ia de entropie a aburului pe segmentul &#8222;i&#8221; este dat\u0103 de rela\u0163ia:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-9.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Cantitatea de c\u0103ldur\u0103 primit\u0103 de abur de la gazele arse pe por\u0163iunea &#8222;a-b-c-d-e-f&#8221; (practic c\u0103ldura schimbat\u0103 de agent cu sursa cald\u0103) este dat\u0103 de:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-10.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">C\u0103ldura primit\u0103 efectiv de abur rezult\u0103 din rela\u0163ia:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-11.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Din datele disponibile din proces se poate determina Q1p \u015fi &#8211; prin compara\u0163ie cu Q1 &#8211; se pot ajusta coeficien\u0163ii globali de schimb de c\u0103ldur\u0103.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Varia\u0163ia total\u0103 de entropie pe por\u0163iunea respectiv\u0103 este dat\u0103 de ecua\u0163ia:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-12.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"as-sub-subtitle\" style=\"text-align: left;\">2.2. Modelarea interac\u0163iunii cu sursa rece<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Aburul cedeaz\u0103 c\u0103ldur\u0103 apei de r\u0103cire \u00een condesator, \u00een figura 2 fiind prezentat\u0103 schema varia\u0163iei temperaturilor pentru aceast\u0103 situa\u0163ie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">C\u0103ldura cedat\u0103 de abur apei de r\u0103cire (pe segmentul &#8222;i&#8221;) este dat\u0103 de rela\u0163ia:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-13.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">unde:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-14.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-15.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-16.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-17.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Varia\u0163ia de entropie a condensului este:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-18.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">C\u0103ldura total\u0103 preluat\u0103 de apa de r\u0103cire (cedat\u0103 sursei reci) apare din rela\u0163ia:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-19.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Vari\u0163ia de entropie este dictat\u0103 de formula:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-20.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"as-sub-subtitle\" style=\"text-align: left;\">2.3. Modelarea evolu\u0163iei aburului extras de la priza &#8222;j&#8221;<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Aburul extras din priz\u0103 cedeaz\u0103 c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u00een schimb\u0103torul regenerativ pentru pre\u00eenc\u0103lzirea apei de alimentare. \u00cen figura 2 este prezentat\u0103 schema varia\u0163iei temperaturilor pentru aceast\u0103 situa\u0163ie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">C\u0103ldura cedat\u0103 de abur apei de r\u0103cire pe segmentul &#8222;i&#8221; rezult\u0103 din rela\u0163ia:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-21.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">unde:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-22.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-23.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-24.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-25.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">C\u0103ldura total\u0103 preluat\u0103 de apa de alimentare de la aburul din priza &#8222;j&#8221; este dat\u0103 de rela\u0163ia:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-26.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Varia\u0163ia de entropie a condensului pe segmentul ds rezult\u0103 din:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-27.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">C\u0103ldura total\u0103 cedat\u0103 apei prin priza &#8222;j&#8221; este:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-28.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00centre cele dou\u0103 c\u0103lduri exist\u0103 o diferen\u0163\u0103 care se datoreaz\u0103 pre\u00eenc\u0103lzitorului regenerativ. \u00cen aceste condi\u0163ii, varia\u0163ia de entropie devine:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-29.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"as-sub-subtitle\" style=\"text-align: left;\">2.4. Modelarea destinderii ireversibile \u00een turbin\u0103<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Procesul de destindere \u00een turbin\u0103 este un proces de destindere irevesibil, care poate fi descris suficient de bine valorific\u00e2nd informa\u0163iile ob\u0163inute de la prizele turbinei. \u00cen timpul destinderii, datorit\u0103 proceselor ireversibile de frecare, o parte din energia aburului se transform\u0103 \u00een c\u0103ldur\u0103, ceea ce face ca entalpia aburului la ie\u015firea din turbin\u0103 s\u0103 fie mai mare dec\u00e2t entalpia unui proces adiabat reversibil.<\/p>\n<div class=\"box-content\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"as-text\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">C\u0103ldura dezvoltat\u0103 \u00een timpul acestui proces ireversibil este o c\u0103ldur\u0103 degradat\u0103, care nu poate produce energie mecanic\u0103. Conform principiului \u00eent\u00e2i al termodinamicii, sursa acestei c\u0103lduri o reprezint\u0103 o parte din energia ini\u0163ial\u0103 a aburului care intr\u0103 \u00een turbin\u0103 (parte care sufer\u0103 transform\u0103ri ireversibile \u015fi de care trebuie s\u0103 se \u0163in\u0103 seama la aprecierea corect\u0103 a puterii rezultate \u00een turbin\u0103).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00cen figura 3 este prezentat un segment al destinderii reale a aburului \u00een turbin\u0103.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"as-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/as5\/5-30.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">C\u0103ldura produs\u0103 pe aceast\u0103 por\u0163iune datorit\u0103 transform\u0103rilor ireversibile se poate determina astfel:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-31.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Dac\u0103 procesul poate fi considerat liniar pentru un segment k-1,k, atunci rela\u0163ia devine:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-32.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00cen aceste condi\u0163ii, varia\u0163ia de entropie pe acest\u0103 por\u0163iune este:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/romconvert.azurewebsites.net\/images\/formule\/5-33.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='after_section_3'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-3712'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'><\/p>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_two_third-9497bbf8bff73ea4c6992cc17fa9ec36\">\n.flex_column.av-av_two_third-9497bbf8bff73ea4c6992cc17fa9ec36{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-av_two_third-9497bbf8bff73ea4c6992cc17fa9ec36 av_two_third  avia-builder-el-21  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_one_third  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-76af02d720ededf3986eb9bec673a6ed\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-76af02d720ededf3986eb9bec673a6ed{\npadding-bottom:20px;\ncolor:#020202;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-76af02d720ededf3986eb9bec673a6ed .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-76af02d720ededf3986eb9bec673a6ed .special-heading-inner-border{\nborder-color:#020202;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-76af02d720ededf3986eb9bec673a6ed .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-76af02d720ededf3986eb9bec673a6ed av-special-heading-h2 custom-color-heading blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-22  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >3. Analiza ciclului Rankine<\/h2><div class='av_custom_color av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>Func\u0163ionarea instala\u0163iilor de producere a energiei electrice trebuie tratat\u0103 \u00een ansamblu, \u0163in\u00e2nd cont de fenomenele care apar la interac\u0163iunea tuturor p\u0103r\u0163ilor. Pentru analiza proceselor termodinamice ale ciclului Rankine s-au utilizat urm\u0103toarele ecua\u0163ii:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; ecua\u0163ia de bilan\u0163 energetic:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; ecua\u0163ia de bilan\u0163 entropic:<\/p>\n<p>Pentru sursa cald\u0103 (gazele de ardere) s-a considerat o varia\u0163ie linar\u0103 de temperatur\u0103 de la 1300 \u00b0C p\u00e2n\u0103 la 660 \u00b0C (ie\u015fire din supra\u00eenc\u0103lzitor).<\/p>\n<p>Sursa rece s-a considerat tot liniar\u0103, cu o varia\u0163ie de temperatur\u0103 cuprins\u0103 \u00een domeniul 24 \u00f7 34 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p>Parametrii aburului la intrarea \u00een turbin\u0103 (presiune \u015fi temperatur\u0103) sunt 145 bar \u015fi 535 \u00b0C, iar la condensator 0,035 bar \u015fi 38 \u00b0C. Supra\u00eenc\u0103lzirea intermediar\u0103 are loc \u00een domeniul 37 \u00f7 33 bar \u015fi 336 \u00f7 530 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p>Pe baza modelului matematic prezentat mai sus s-a realizat o versiune modificat\u0103 a programului APAB (numit\u0103 APAB_Finit) cu care s-a f\u0103cut analiza ciclului.<\/p>\n<p>Datorit\u0103 complexit\u0103\u0163ii proceselor precum \u015fi a varia\u0163iei debitului de ap\u0103\/abur pe diferitele por\u0163iuni ale ciclului, calculele s-au f\u0103cut \u00een paralel, at\u00e2t prin metoda clasic\u0103, c\u00e2t \u015fi utiliz\u00e2nd termodinamica \u00een timp finit.<\/p>\n<p>Ca o prim\u0103 \u015fi important\u0103 constatare este faptul c\u0103 performan\u0163ele instala\u0163iei &#8211; calculate prin cele dou\u0103 metode &#8211; prezint\u0103 diferen\u0163e clare, cu toate c\u0103 sursa cald\u0103 este comparabil\u0103 ca valoare \u00een ambele cazuri:<\/p>\n<p>Q1 sursa cald\u0103 (clasic \/ termodinamica \u00een timp finit): 373,12 MW \/ 371,23 MW;<br \/>\nPutere termodinamic\u0103 (clasic \/ termodinamica \u00een timp finit): 133,156 MW \/ 122,446 MW;<br \/>\nRandament: 35,68% \/ 32,98%.<\/p>\n<p>C\u0103ldura schimbat\u0103 \u00eentre gazele arse \u015fi abur &#8211; pe diferitele segmente ale cicului &#8211; este prezentat\u0103 \u00een figura 4.<\/p>\n<p>Se constat\u0103 c\u0103 energia transmis\u0103 prin schimb de c\u0103ldur\u0103 c\u0103tre abur este mai mare dec\u00e2t energia primit\u0103 de agentul termic. Utiliz\u00e2nd un sistem de monitorizare \u00een timp real (RTMS) \u015fi av\u00e2nd o unitate de analiz\u0103 a fenomenelor termodinamice \u00een timp finit, se pot ob\u0163ine informa\u0163ii precise despre randamentele de transfer pentru fiecare por\u0163iune a cazanului \u00een parte, determin\u00e2ndu-se coeficien\u0163ii de transfer \u015fi pierderile.<\/p>\n<p>O consecin\u0163\u0103 important\u0103 a utiliz\u0103rii metodelor termodinamice \u00een timp finit const\u0103 \u00een cunoa\u015fterea \u00een permanen\u0163\u0103 a coeficien\u0163ilor globali de schimb de c\u0103ldur\u0103 &#8211; \u00een fiecare moment &#8211; \u00een diversele puncte ale instala\u0163iei. Coeficien\u0163ii de transfer termic sunt puternic influen\u0163a\u0163i de regimul de curgere, astfel c\u0103 la sarcini par\u0163iale ace\u015ftia se modific\u0103 semnificativ.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen acest context s-a realizat un experiment numeric, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 se pun\u0103 \u00een eviden\u0163\u0103 modificarea coeficien\u0163ilor globali de transfer termic pentru schimb\u0103torele de c\u0103ldur\u0103 din circuitul regenerativ al turbinei. Ca ipoteze de lucru s-au p\u0103strat constante: puterea furnizat\u0103 de instala\u0163ie, debitul \u015fi temperatura final\u0103 a apei de alimentare, debitele de abur livrat pentru alte utiliz\u0103ri dec\u00e2t pentru producerea energiei electice.<\/p>\n<p>Ca variabile s-au considerat debitele de abur extrase la cele 6 prize ale turbinei. Priza 4 a fost considerat\u0103 \u00eenchis\u0103. \u00cen figurile 5 \u015fi 6 sunt prezentate debitele extrase pe prize \u015fi coeficien\u0163ii gobali de schimb de c\u0103ldur\u0103. \u00cen primul caz (figura 5), \u00eenc\u0103lzirea apei de alimentare se face mai mult \u00een a doua parte a circuitului regenerativ, debitele pe prizele 3 \u015fi 5 fiind mari (inclusiv coeficientii globali de transfer de c\u0103ldur\u0103).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_one_third-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae\">\n.flex_column.av-av_one_third-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-av_one_third-9c1d454dc06f7247226bc4e8f931daae av_one_third  avia-builder-el-23  el_after_av_two_third  el_before_av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_image-618b211686db72b4a2bdb95c36671a11\">\n.avia-image-container.av-av_image-618b211686db72b4a2bdb95c36671a11 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-av_image-618b211686db72b4a2bdb95c36671a11 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-av_image-618b211686db72b4a2bdb95c36671a11 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-24  el_before_av_image  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-3717 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3717 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/5-36.gif\" alt='' title='5-36'  height=\"131\" width=\"361\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_image-430114df1bc4c5cb4e5a39a95a83bd2c\">\n.avia-image-container.av-av_image-430114df1bc4c5cb4e5a39a95a83bd2c img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-av_image-430114df1bc4c5cb4e5a39a95a83bd2c .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-av_image-430114df1bc4c5cb4e5a39a95a83bd2c av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-25  el_after_av_image  el_before_av_image '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-3718 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3718 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/5-37.gif\" alt='' title='5-37'  height=\"168\" width=\"499\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_image-a9926384159a88e35bfbc9c6b2ca7e8d\">\n.avia-image-container.av-av_image-a9926384159a88e35bfbc9c6b2ca7e8d img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-av_image-a9926384159a88e35bfbc9c6b2ca7e8d .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-av_image-a9926384159a88e35bfbc9c6b2ca7e8d av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-26  el_after_av_image  avia-builder-el-last '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-3719 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3719 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/5-38.gif\" alt='' title='5-38' 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avia-builder-el-last  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-4a49e6dcf2fe779a108809397c88926b\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4a49e6dcf2fe779a108809397c88926b{\npadding-bottom:20px;\ncolor:#020202;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4a49e6dcf2fe779a108809397c88926b .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4a49e6dcf2fe779a108809397c88926b .special-heading-inner-border{\nborder-color:#020202;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4a49e6dcf2fe779a108809397c88926b .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-4a49e6dcf2fe779a108809397c88926b av-special-heading-h2 custom-color-heading blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-30  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  > 4. Concluzii<\/h2><div class='av_custom_color av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>Metoda de analiz\u0103 termodinamic\u0103 \u00een timp finit aduce un plus de informa\u0163ie despre desf\u0103\u015furarea fenomenelor din instala\u0163iile termoenergetice. Ea permite realizarea unei leg\u0103turi &#8211; ce poate fi exprimat\u0103 matematic &#8211; \u00eentre energia gazelor arse \u015fi abur, dar \u015fi \u00eentre condens \u015fi apa de r\u0103cire. Tot at\u00e2t de important este faptul c\u0103 acest model \u00eenglobeaz\u0103 geometria schimbului de c\u0103ldur\u0103, direc\u0163iile de curgere \u015fi m\u0103rimea suprafe\u0163elor. Aceste informa\u0163ii sunt foarte utile \u00een timpul exploat\u0103rii, permi\u0163\u00e2nd luarea unor decizii rapide \u015fi corecte.<\/p>\n<p>Modelul poate analiza influen\u0163e care p\u00e2n\u0103 acum nu puteau fi eviden\u0163iate: influen\u0163a varia\u0163iei temperaturii de-a lungul cazanului, influen\u0163a varia\u0163iei temperaturii apei de r\u0103cire, influen\u0163a varia\u0163iei coeficien\u0163ilor globali de schimb de c\u0103ldur\u0103 precum \u015fi modificarea acestora atunci c\u00e2nd instala\u0163ia este exploatat\u0103 la sarcini par\u0163iale.<\/p>\n<p>Programele necesare analizei termodinamice \u00een timp finit sunt laborioase \u015fi necesit\u0103 un volum considerabil de date culese din instala\u0163ie.<\/p>\n<p>Introducerea manual\u0103 a datelor poate constitui un dezavantaj major atunci c\u00e2nd este necesar un timp de r\u0103spuns mic. Utilizarea unui sistem automat de achizi\u0163ie de date simplific\u0103 mult lucrurile, reduc\u00e2nd calculele necesare analizei instala\u0163iei &#8211; pentru valorile parametrilor \u00eentr-un anumit moment &#8211; la circa 15 secunde.<\/p>\n<p>Bibliografie:<br \/>\nNeac\u015fu, S.; Chiper, L.; Florea, T.: Monitorizarea \u00een timp real a grupurilor termoenergetice cazan-turbin\u0103, Conferin\u0163a Na\u0163ional\u0103 de Termotehnic\u0103 Pite\u015fti, vol. I, pag. 271-277, Editura Universit\u0103\u0163ii Pite\u015fti, mai 1998.<br \/>\nGoliciu, D.; Simionescu, C.; S\u0103ndulescu, I.; Popescu, C.; Predescu, N.; Topolscki, S.: Metodologie pentru analiza consumului total de combustibil \u00een centralele termoelectrice RENEL.<br \/>\nPopa, G.; Leca, A.: Tabele, nomograme \u015fi formule termotehnice, vol. I, Editura Tehnic\u0103, Bucure\u015fti, 1987.<br \/>\nDobrinescu, D.: Procese de transfer termic \u015fi utilaje specifice, Editura Didactic\u0103 \u015fi Pedagogic\u0103, Bucure\u015fti, 1983.<br \/>\nVan Wylen, G.; Sonntag, R.; Borgnakke, C.: Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc., New York, 1994.<br \/>\nFeidt, M.: Thermodynamique et Optimisation Energ\u00e9tique de Syst\u00e8mes et Proced\u00e9s, Technique et Documentation (Lavoisier), Paris, 1987.<br \/>\nIncropera, F.; DeWitt, D.: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc., New York, 1990.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3713,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"portfolio_entries":[48],"class_list":["post-3712","portfolio","type-portfolio","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","portfolio_entries-consideratii-privind-marirea-preciziei-de-calcul-pentru-transformarile-care-stau-la-baza-aprecierii-performantelor-cazanelor-si-turbinelor-cu-abur"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/portfolio\/3712","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/portfolio"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/portfolio"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3712"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/portfolio\/3712\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3865,"href":"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/portfolio\/3712\/revisions\/3865"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3712"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3712"},{"taxonomy":"portfolio_entries","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.romconvert.ro\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/portfolio_entries?post=3712"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}